藏北阿翁错地区中基性脉岩年代学、地球化学特征及其板内伸展构造作用          下载免费PDF全文

吴建亮  尹显科  王波  刘文  雷传扬  李威  张伟 《中国地质》2019,46(6):1356-1371

班公湖一怒江缝合带在中生代的构造岩浆演化是青藏高原基础地质研究的热点之一。在该缝合带南部的北冈底斯地区发育有大量的中生代火山岩及相关岩浆岩,其岩石成因与成岩地球动力学背景长期以来存在较大的争议。本文以班公湖一怒江缝合带西段阿翁错地区的中基性脉岩为研究对象,对该地区广泛发育的脉岩的形成时代、岩石成因、构造环境以及动力学背景进行了探讨。研究区辉绿岩脉以低硅(SiO_2=50.03%～51.13%)、低铝(Al_2O_3=15.52%～16.03%、低钛(TiO_2=1.22%-1.31%)、富镁(MgO=9.19%～10.37%)、富钠(Na_2O=3.10%～3.58%,Na_2O/K_2O=1.73～1.87)为特征;闪长岩脉以相对高硅(SiO_2=55.58%～56.22%)、低镁(MgO=4.69%～4.64%)、低钛(TiO_2=1.01%～1.06%)、高铝(Al_2O_3=17.74%～18.72%)、富钠(Na_2O=1.55%-5.03%,Na_2O/K_2O=1.81～3.61)为特征,属于钠质低钾钙碱性系列岩石。二者轻重稀土元素分馏明显,均表现为右倾型,具弱的Eu负异常,重稀土元素总体上变化不大。微量元素上均表现出以富集Rb、U等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土(LREE)元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti高场强元素(HFSE)为特征。年代学分析结果显示研究区闪长岩脉LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(99.2±1.2) Ma,辉绿岩脉LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb年龄为(108.4±2.9) Ma,属于早白垩世晚期向晚白垩世过渡期间,其岩浆源区遭受了一定程度的地壳物质的混染,后经历了不同程度的铁镁矿物和斜长石的结晶分离作用。构造环境分析显示研究区中基性岩脉形成于伸展构造环境下,其产状受区域应力场控制,其动力学背景可能与班公湖一怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲消减过程中板片断离导致的软流圈上涌,诱发岛弧和岛弧后方的地幔岩浆发生补充性对流循环而形成的伸展构造背景有关。表明研究区至少在99.2 Ma时,班公湖—怒江特提斯洋俯冲消减已经完成,由早期构造挤压环境转向晚期构造伸展环境。  相似文献   

山西中条山北麓断裂夏县段新构造运动   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

苗德雨  李有利  吕胜华  田建梅  王怡然  司苏沛 《地理研究》2014,33(4):665-673

通过分析夏县段中条山北麓山麓剥蚀面上的黄土地层,认为山麓剥蚀面形成于2.4 Ma以前。与邻近盆地内钻孔的研究成果对比,得到中条山北麓断裂第四纪以来的垂直活动幅度约700 m,抬升速率为0.29 mm/a。GPS测量得到断层将末次冰期极盛期形成的冲沟阶地垂直错断7 m,垂直活动速率为0.28~0.5 mm/a。探槽揭示,距今2 万年以来断层有四次活动--距今8000 年之前、距今4100 年前后、距今3100 年和距今720 年以后。断距分别为大于2m、0.6m、1.55 m和0.25 m。断层活动速率为0.22~0.55 m/a。  相似文献   

Karst Hyporheic Zone及其研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蒲俊兵  袁道先 《中国岩溶》2013,32(1):7-13

Karst Hyporheic Zone(笔者将之译为“岩溶交互带”)是近三年来新出现的一个岩溶术语,我国尚未开展“岩溶交互带”的研究工作,它主要是指岩溶地下水与周边岩溶基质(含沉积物、基岩)水之间物质能量活跃交替的地带。本文从“岩溶交互带”的概念来源、含义、最新的研究进展和监测技术发展等方面进行了总结,并就现存的问题和未来研究提出了看法。   相似文献   

Early Ordovician strongly peraluminous granite in the middle section of the Yarlung Zangbo junction zone and its geological significance   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

ZHANG ShiZhen  LI FenQi  LI Yong  LIU Wei & QIN YaDong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(4):630-643

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating and rock geochemical analysis were done of the Xarru granite in the middle section of the Yarlung Zangbo junction zone.Zircon 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages of 474.9±2.3 and 478.3±1.7 Ma have been obtained for two gneiss granite samples respectively,which represent the formation age of the granite.This is the first discovery of the Early Ordovician magmatism in the Yarlung Zangbo junction zone.The rocks are high-K calcic-alkalic granite,contain tourmaline but not hornblende,with aluminum saturation index(ASI) of A/CNK1.1(1.10–1.20),and are enriched in Rb,Th and U and relatively depleted in Ba,Nb,Sr,Zr,Ti and Eu.They are strongly peraluminous S-type granite,resulting from partial melting of argillaceous components in the crust in a syn-collisional setting.According to previous studies as well as the analysis in this paper,the formation of the Xarru granite is probably related to the Andean-type orogeny in the process of subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean towards the Gondwanaland,and it is a product of partial melting of the thickened upper crust as a result of collision between blocks or micro-blocks in the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent in the process of oceanic subduction.The Xarru granite is identified as the Early Ordovician granite,indicating that the wall rocks had probably formed in the Cambrian or Precambrian.A crustal basement may exist in the Xarru region.  相似文献   

西藏中南部格仁错断裂张剪性质及其区域动力学意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

杨攀新  陈正位  张俊  任金卫 《地球物理学报》2012,55(10):3285-3295

喀拉昆仑-嘉黎断裂带(KJFZ)是青藏高原中南部一条规模宏大断裂带,因其是青藏高原向东运移的南边界,其构造展布和活动性质与高原隆升、侧向挤出和东西向伸展等科学问题关系密切,也是研究高原变形机制和地球动力学重要场所.本文选取该断裂带中部NW向格仁错断裂(GRCF),对断裂沿线进行较详细地质地貌调查,对冲沟位错和断层陡坎等地貌单元进行测量,并进行探槽开挖,结合天然剖面揭示了断裂产状,详细研究断裂活动性质,发现断裂除前人认为的右旋走滑性质外,还具有明显的张性正断性质,断裂向北陡倾,且北盘相对南盘下降,全新世以来右旋走滑速率和正断速率分别为2.98 mm/a和0.2~0.5 mm/a之间.前人在共轭的北东向断裂研究中,也发现除左旋走滑性质外,同样具有正断分量,表明现今高原中南部上地壳除传统认为处东西向张性应力场环境外,南北向也具有明显张性特征.而受印度板块向北东向挤压作用,高原岩石圈总体应处于挤压应力状态.因此,推测现今该区域上下地壳处于应力解耦状态,并尝试建立区域张剪性地壳动力学模型:在南北向挤压应力场的作用下,中下地壳缩短凸起隆升,导致上地壳在各方向都表现为不同程度的张性特征.  相似文献   

大亚湾生态监控区的浮游植物年际变化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王雨  林茂  林更铭  王春光  项鹏 《海洋科学》2012,36(4):86-94

依据国家海洋局、国家海洋局第三海洋研究所等权威机构2004~2007年所获的数据和资料,对大亚湾生态监控区近4a长时间尺度的浮游植物群落年际变化进行分析,通过物种组成、丰度变化、优势类群演替、群落结构及赤潮灾害事件来反映生境的退化,探讨其变化的主要原因及趋势。结果表明,浮游植物群落由暖水种占绝对优势转变为广温广布种占主导地位。种类与丰度呈逐年下降的态势,浮游植物丰度的分布保持西高东低,近岸高于远岸的特征,浮游植物的高丰度与营养盐丰富及温排水有关。终年以硅藻为优势种群,优势种演替具有明显的季节与年际变化,细长翼根管藻(Rhizosolenia alataf.gracillima)是春季稳定的优势种,柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissma)是夏季稳定的优势种,春末甲藻的优势度增加明显。浮游植物群落多样性指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。浮游植物的异常增殖及过度集中导致多样性较低,种间比例不均匀,群落结构单一。赤潮季节性发生频繁,发生频率及引发种类呈上升趋势,海洋环境脆弱。  相似文献   

Systematic deflection and offset of the Yangtze River drainage system along the strike-slip Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault Zone,Tibetan Plateau     

《Journal of Geodynamics》2015

The Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe Fault Zone (GYXFZ) is a typical active strike-slip fault that has triggered many large historic earthquakes, including the 2010 M_w 6.9 Yushu earthquake in the central Tibetan Plateau. This fault zone extends for ca. 800 km from the central Tibetan Plateau to its southeastern margin and varies in trend from WNW-ESE in the northwestern segment of the fault zone to NNW-SSE in the southeastern segment, having the geometry of an arc projecting northeastwards. In this study, we present evidence for the systematical sinistral deflection and/or offset of the Yangtze River and its branch stream channels and valleys along the GYXFZ. Topographic analysis of three-dimensional (3D) perspective images constructed using digital elevation model (DEM) data, 0.5 m-resolution WorldView and GeoEye images, and 15 m-resolution Landsat-Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images, together with analysis of geological structures, reveals the following: (i) the main river channels and valleys of the Yangtze River drainage system show systematic sinistral deflections and/or offsets along the GYXFZ; (ii) various amounts of sinistral offset have accumulated on the tributary stream channels, valleys, and gullies of the Yangtze River along the fault, with a linear relation, D = aL, between the upstream length L from the deflected point and the offset amount D with a certain coefficient a; (iii) the maximum amount of sinistral offset is up to ca. 60 km, which was accumulated in the past 13–5 Ma; and (iv) the long-term average strike-slip rate is ca. 4.6–12 mm/year. Geological and geomorphic evidence, combined with geophysical data, demonstrates that the GYXFZ is currently active as one of the major seismogenic faults in the Tibetan Plateau, dominated by left-lateral strike-slip motion. Our findings supply important evidence for the tectonic evolution of strike-slip faults in the Tibetan Plateau since the Eurasia-India continental collision.  相似文献   

成渝经济区南部城市群孕灾条件与地质灾害发育特征     

王东辉  陈绪钰  朱德明  田凯 《地质力学学报》2016,22(3):695-705

通过资料分析与实地调查相结合,对成渝经济区南部城市群孕灾条件和地质灾害空间分布特征进行了区域对比分析。研究结果表明,城市群由南而北、自西向东在地形地貌、地质构造、地层岩性等孕灾地质背景及降雨、地震活动、人类工程活动等诱发因素方面均有明显不同,进而导致地质灾害空间分布及发育特征的差异。西部中高山峡谷区地层岩性及地质构造极为复杂,地形起伏大,活动断裂发育且地震活动较为频繁,地质灾害具有规模大、泥石流相对发育、沿构造线和河流线状分布的特点;南部低中山及岩溶发育区地形起伏较大,地质构造及岩性较复杂,碳酸盐岩极为发育,采矿活动强烈,以地面塌陷相对发育为主要特点;北部红层丘陵区地质构造及岩性简单,地形起伏小,人类工程活动强烈,地质灾害类型单一、数量多、规模小,分布上具有面上松散分布、局部相对集中的特点。   相似文献   

Defining the floodplain in hydrologically‐variable settings: implications for flood risk management          下载免费PDF全文

Jacky Croke  Kirstie Fryirs  Chris Thompson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(14):2153-2164

Flood risk management is an essential responsibility of state governments and local councils to ensure the protection of people residing on floodplains. Globally, floodplains are under increasing pressure from growing populations. Typically, the engineering‐type solutions that are used to predict local flood magnitude and frequency based on limited gauging data are inadequate, especially in settings which experience high hydrological variability. This study highlights the importance of incorporating geomorphological understanding into flood risk management in southeast Queensland (SEQ), an area badly affected by extreme flood events in 2011 and 2013. The major aim of this study is to outline the hydrological and sedimentological characteristics of various ‘inundation surfaces’ that are typical of catchments in the sub‐tropics. It identifies four major inundation surfaces; within‐channel bench [Q ~ 2.33 yr average recurrence interval (ARI)]; genetic floodplain (Q = 20 yr ARI); hydraulic floodplain (20 yr < Q ≤ 200 yr ARI) and terrace (Q > 1000 yr ARI). These surfaces are considered typical of inundation areas within, and adjacent to, the large macrochannels common to this region and others of similar hydrological variability. An additional area within genetic floodplains was identified where flood surfaces coalesce and produce an abrupt reduction in channel capacity. This is referred to here as a Spill‐out Zone (SOZ). The associated vulnerability and risk of these surfaces is reviewed and recommendations made based on incorporating this geomorphological understanding into flood risk assessments. These recommendations recognize the importance to manage for risks associated with flow inundation and sediment erosion, delivery and deposition. The increasing availability of high resolution topographic data opens up the possibility of more rapid and spatially extensive assessments of key geomorphic processes which can readily be used to predict flood risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Analytical fragility analysis of southern Illinois wall pier supported highway bridges     

John Bignell  James LaFave 《地震工程与结构动力学》2010,39(7):709-729

An analytical fragility analysis was conducted in order to characterize the seismic vulnerability of existing southern Illinois wall pier supported highway bridges to potential earthquakes. To perform this fragility analysis, a detailed inventory survey was first taken of the wall pier bridges identified in an earlier random sampling of southern Illinois priority emergency route bridges. From the survey three types of wall pier bridges were identified. Of those identified, hammerhead and regular wall pier supported bridges represented nearly 90% of the population. Incorporating structural variations determined from the random sample survey, nearly 100 three‐dimensional nonlinear finite element models were constructed. Each model was subjected to a randomly assigned synthetic earthquake representative of those that could potentially occur within the region. From these analyses, a series of wall pier supported bridge fragility curves were produced. In addition, a liquefaction fragility analysis was conducted in order to characterize the seismic vulnerability of southern Illinois wall pier supported highway bridge sites to liquefaction in potential earthquakes. To perform this second fragility analysis, wall pier bridges within the southern Illinois random sample that may be susceptible to liquefaction were identified. A soil profile from each of these susceptible bridge sites was then subjected to randomly assigned bedrock motions, and an Arias intensity liquefaction analysis was carried out. From these analyses, a fragility curve for the potentially liquefiable wall pier supported bridge sites was produced. Overall results of this study indicate that southern Illinois wall pier supported bridges are moderately vulnerable to structural damage in a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 year earthquake, and in some cases they could also be highly vulnerable to on‐site liquefaction events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献